Les normes et standards de la formation en ligne : État des lieux et enjeux

Tiré de l'écran-titre (visionné le 27 juin 2017).Sur les terrains où l’on se consacre plus spécifiquement au renouveau pédagogique et à la production de matériel de formation multimédia pour relever le défi de la formation en ligne (que d’aucuns nomment aussi « l’apprentissage distribué »), on se préoccupe beaucoup de la portabilité du matériel pédagogique et de l’interopérabilité des systèmes qui distribuent ce matériel par des voies électroniques. De plus en plus de développeurs et d’éducateurs à travers le monde se tournent vers des stratégies de partage et d’échange du matériel pédagogique numérisé, adoptant pour ce faire, des cadres de descriptions et de spécifications (des métadonnées) visant à faciliter l’évolution, la gestion et le libre-échange de ce qu’on appelle dans ce contexte les « objets pédagogiques » [...]

Maltraitance durant l’enfance et régulation de la tristesse et de la peur à l’âge adulte : une analyse qualitative

Introduction : La maltraitance durant l’enfance est associée à plusieurs impacts négatifs sur la santé mentale, lesquels s’expliquent notamment par des difficultés à réguler les émotions. Bien que de nombreuses études indiquent des difficultés générales au niveau de la régulation émotionnelle à l’âge adulte liées aux expériences de maltraitance, les connaissances actuelles ne permettent pas de dresser un portrait précis de cette régulation émotionnelle en ce qui concerne les contextes émotionnels et les émotions spécifiques. Objectifs : Les deux études qui constituent cette thèse visent à (1) obtenir un portrait qualitatif précis de la régulation émotionnelle chez les femmes adultes ayant vécu de la maltraitance durant l’enfance et à (2) décrire plus spécifiquement la régulation de la tristesse et de la peur en lien avec la maltraitance, deux émotions particulièrement difficiles à vivre et plus souvent évitées. Méthode : Des étudiants de l’Université de Montréal ont été recrutés dans le cadre de deux études plus larges portant sur la tristesse (N = 72) et sur l’anxiété (N = 128) et ont complété des questionnaires en ligne. Selon leurs résultats au Childhood Trauma Questionnaire mesurant les expériences de maltraitance durant l’enfance, douze femmes rapportant un niveau significatif de maltraitance et douze femmes n’en n’ayant jamais vécu (groupe normatif) ont été retenues, ceci pour chacune des deux émotions (2 x 12+12). Chaque participante a été rencontrée en entrevue et une méthode d’induction de tristesse ou de peur par film a été utilisée afin de cibler et d’explorer la régulation émotionnelle dans un contexte expérimental, qui se concentre sur l’expérience émotionnelle en temps réel. Une analyse qualitative phénoménologique interprétative a été effectuée à partir du discours émotionnel de manière comparative entre les groupes afin d’offrir une description précise de la régulation de chacun de ces groupes et d’obtenir un contraste entre eux. Résultats : De manière générale, les résultats de la première étude nous indiquent que la tristesse apparait moins bien régulée pour les femmes ayant vécu de la maltraitance et que cette émotion se situe dans l’expérience émotionnelle soit à un niveau minimisé, soit à un niveau envahissant. Plusieurs attitudes négatives face à cette émotion ressortent du discours des femmes ayant vécu de la maltraitance, alors que les femmes du groupe normatif présentent un vécu et des attitudes plus nuancés face à cette émotion. Globalement, dans la deuxième étude, la peur ressort comme une émotion vécue dans le registre de la psychopathologie et à travers la somatisation dans le groupe rapportant de la maltraitance, alors que le groupe normatif présente une expérience plus détachée face à cette émotion. Conclusion : Les résultats des deux études permettent ainsi de dresser un portrait éclairant de la régulation émotionnelle « à chaud » chez des femmes ayant vécu des expériences de maltraitance et de décrire les déficits de régulation propres à la tristesse et à la peur. Des pistes d’intervention et des réflexions cliniques découlant des résultats obtenus sont discutées.Introduction : Childhood maltreatment is associated with several negative impacts on mental health, which are partly attributable to difficulties with emotional regulation. Although various studies suggest a link between general difficulties with emotional regulation in adults and childhood experiences of maltreatment, emotional regulation related to specific emotions and emotional contexts is yet to be explored. Aims : The two studies which constitute this thesis aim to (1) depict a precise qualitative portrait of emotional regulation of adult women who experienced childhood maltreatment and (2) describe more specifically the regulation of sadness and fear related to childhood abuse, two emotions which are often negatively perceived and therefore usually avoided. Method : University of Montreal students were recruited for the purpose of two larger studies on sadness (N = 72) and anxiety (N = 128) and completed online questionnaires. Based on their Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores measuring experiences of childhood maltreatment, twelve women reporting a significant level of abuse (maltreated group) and twelve women reporting no such experience (normative group) were selected, this for each of the two emotions (2 x 12+12). Each participant was individually met and an induction of sadness or fear by film was used to target and explore emotional regulation in an experimental setting, which focuses on the emotional experience in real time. An interpretative phenomenological qualitative analysis was performed on each participant’s emotional speech. A between-group comparison was also done to provide a rich and precise description of the regulation of each group and get a contrast between them. Results : Overall, the results of the first study indicate that sadness appears less regulated for women who report childhood maltreatment and that this emotion is experienced by them at either a minimized or an overwhelming level. Several negative attitudes toward sadness emerge from the discourse of maltreated women, while women in the normative group present a more nuanced experience of this emotion and attitudes toward it. In the second study, fear appears as experienced at a pathological level and through somatization in the maltreated group, while the normative group presents a more detached experience of this emotion. Conclusion : The results of both studies allow us to shed light on live emotional regulation among women who experienced childhood maltreatment and to describe specific deficits in the regulation of sadness and fear. Intervention issues and clinical reflections based on the results are discussed

Maltraitance durant l’enfance et régulation de la tristesse et de la peur à l’âge adulte : une analyse qualitative

Introduction : La maltraitance durant l’enfance est associée à plusieurs impacts négatifs sur la santé mentale, lesquels s’expliquent notamment par des difficultés à réguler les émotions. Bien que de nombreuses études indiquent des difficultés générales au niveau de la régulation émotionnelle à l’âge adulte liées aux expériences de maltraitance, les connaissances actuelles ne permettent pas de dresser un portrait précis de cette régulation émotionnelle en ce qui concerne les contextes émotionnels et les émotions spécifiques. Objectifs : Les deux études qui constituent cette thèse visent à (1) obtenir un portrait qualitatif précis de la régulation émotionnelle chez les femmes adultes ayant vécu de la maltraitance durant l’enfance et à (2) décrire plus spécifiquement la régulation de la tristesse et de la peur en lien avec la maltraitance, deux émotions particulièrement difficiles à vivre et plus souvent évitées. Méthode : Des étudiants de l’Université de Montréal ont été recrutés dans le cadre de deux études plus larges portant sur la tristesse (N = 72) et sur l’anxiété (N = 128) et ont complété des questionnaires en ligne. Selon leurs résultats au Childhood Trauma Questionnaire mesurant les expériences de maltraitance durant l’enfance, douze femmes rapportant un niveau significatif de maltraitance et douze femmes n’en n’ayant jamais vécu (groupe normatif) ont été retenues, ceci pour chacune des deux émotions (2 x 12+12). Chaque participante a été rencontrée en entrevue et une méthode d’induction de tristesse ou de peur par film a été utilisée afin de cibler et d’explorer la régulation émotionnelle dans un contexte expérimental, qui se concentre sur l’expérience émotionnelle en temps réel. Une analyse qualitative phénoménologique interprétative a été effectuée à partir du discours émotionnel de manière comparative entre les groupes afin d’offrir une description précise de la régulation de chacun de ces groupes et d’obtenir un contraste entre eux. Résultats : De manière générale, les résultats de la première étude nous indiquent que la tristesse apparait moins bien régulée pour les femmes ayant vécu de la maltraitance et que cette émotion se situe dans l’expérience émotionnelle soit à un niveau minimisé, soit à un niveau envahissant. Plusieurs attitudes négatives face à cette émotion ressortent du discours des femmes ayant vécu de la maltraitance, alors que les femmes du groupe normatif présentent un vécu et des attitudes plus nuancés face à cette émotion. Globalement, dans la deuxième étude, la peur ressort comme une émotion vécue dans le registre de la psychopathologie et à travers la somatisation dans le groupe rapportant de la maltraitance, alors que le groupe normatif présente une expérience plus détachée face à cette émotion. Conclusion : Les résultats des deux études permettent ainsi de dresser un portrait éclairant de la régulation émotionnelle « à chaud » chez des femmes ayant vécu des expériences de maltraitance et de décrire les déficits de régulation propres à la tristesse et à la peur. Des pistes d’intervention et des réflexions cliniques découlant des résultats obtenus sont discutées.Introduction : Childhood maltreatment is associated with several negative impacts on mental health, which are partly attributable to difficulties with emotional regulation. Although various studies suggest a link between general difficulties with emotional regulation in adults and childhood experiences of maltreatment, emotional regulation related to specific emotions and emotional contexts is yet to be explored. Aims : The two studies which constitute this thesis aim to (1) depict a precise qualitative portrait of emotional regulation of adult women who experienced childhood maltreatment and (2) describe more specifically the regulation of sadness and fear related to childhood abuse, two emotions which are often negatively perceived and therefore usually avoided. Method : University of Montreal students were recruited for the purpose of two larger studies on sadness (N = 72) and anxiety (N = 128) and completed online questionnaires. Based on their Childhood Trauma Questionnaire scores measuring experiences of childhood maltreatment, twelve women reporting a significant level of abuse (maltreated group) and twelve women reporting no such experience (normative group) were selected, this for each of the two emotions (2 x 12+12). Each participant was individually met and an induction of sadness or fear by film was used to target and explore emotional regulation in an experimental setting, which focuses on the emotional experience in real time. An interpretative phenomenological qualitative analysis was performed on each participant’s emotional speech. A between-group comparison was also done to provide a rich and precise description of the regulation of each group and get a contrast between them. Results : Overall, the results of the first study indicate that sadness appears less regulated for women who report childhood maltreatment and that this emotion is experienced by them at either a minimized or an overwhelming level. Several negative attitudes toward sadness emerge from the discourse of maltreated women, while women in the normative group present a more nuanced experience of this emotion and attitudes toward it. In the second study, fear appears as experienced at a pathological level and through somatization in the maltreated group, while the normative group presents a more detached experience of this emotion. Conclusion : The results of both studies allow us to shed light on live emotional regulation among women who experienced childhood maltreatment and to describe specific deficits in the regulation of sadness and fear. Intervention issues and clinical reflections based on the results are discussed

Combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepines versus either therapy alone for panic disorder: a systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background:</p> <p>The efficacy of combined psychotherapy and benzodiazepine treatment for panic disorder is still unclear despite its widespread use. The present systematic review aims to examine its efficacy compared with either monotherapy alone.</p> <p>Methods:</p> <p>All randomised trials comparing combined psychotherapy and benzodiazepine for panic disorder with either therapy alone were identified by comprehensive electronic search on the Cochrane Registers, by checking references of relevant studies and of other reviews, and by contacting experts in the field. Two reviewers independently checked eligibility of trials, assessed quality of trials and extracted data from eligible trials using a standardized data extraction form. Our primary outcome was "response" defined by global judgement. Authors of the original trials were contacted for further unpublished data. Meta-analyses were undertaken synthesizing data from all relevant trials.</p> <p>Results:</p> <p>Only two studies, which compared the combination with behaviour (exposure) therapy, met our eligibility criteria. Both studies had a 16-week intervention. Unpublished data were retrieved for one study. The relative risk for response for the combination was 1.25 (95%CI: 0.78 to 2.03) during acute phase treatment, 0.78 (0.45 to 1.35) at the end of treatment, and 0.62 (0.36 to 1.07) at 6–12 months follow-up. Some secondary outcomes hinted at superiority of the combination during acute phase treatment.</p> <p>One study was identified comparing the combination to benzodiazepine. The relative risk for response was 1.57 (0.83 to 2.98), 3.39 (1.03 to 11.21, statistically significant) and 2.31 (0.79 to 6.74) respectively. The superiority of the combination was observed on secondary outcomes at all the time points. No sub-group analyses were conducted due to the limited number of included trials.</p> <p>Conclusion:</p> <p>Unlike some narrative reviews in the literature, our systematic search established the paucity of high quality evidence for or against the combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepine therapy for panic disorder. Based on limited available published and unpublished data, however, the combined therapy is probably to be recommended over benzodiazepine alone for panic disorder with agoraphobia. The combination might be superior to behaviour therapy alone during the acute phase, but afterwards this trend may be reversed. We know little from these trials about their adverse effects.</p

Neuroanatomical Pattern of Mitochondrial Complex I Pathology Varies between Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder and Major Depression

BACKGROUND:Mitochondrial dysfunction was reported in schizophrenia, bipolar disorderand major depression. The present study investigated whether mitochondrial complex I abnormalities show disease-specific characteristics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:mRNA and protein levels of complex I subunits NDUFV1, NDUFV2 and NADUFS1, were assessed in striatal and lateral cerebellar hemisphere postmortem specimens and analyzed together with our previous data from prefrontal and parieto-occipital cortices specimens of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and healthy subjects. A disease-specific anatomical pattern in complex I subunits alterations was found. Schizophrenia-specific reductions were observed in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. The depressed group showed consistent reductions in all three subunits in the cerebellum. The bipolar group, however, showed increased expression in the parieto-occipital cortex, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, and reductions in the cerebellum, yet less consistent than the depressed group. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE:These results suggest that the neuroanatomical pattern of complex I pathology parallels the diversity and similarities in clinical symptoms of these mental disorders

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Surficial geochemical tools for Cu-Mo porphyry exploration in till-covered terrain

As the discovery of porphyry Cu deposits from outcropping mineralised or altered bedrock decreases, mineral exploration is required to adapt new strategies and techniques for exploring deeper. This is especially important in areas with disconnected transported cover, such as the Quaternary glacial sediments that cover much of Canada. Surficial geochemical exploration strategies to detect the presence of known bedrock mineralisation through transported cover were evaluated at two buried porphyry Cu-Mo targets, Highmont South and J.A., at Highland Valley Copper. The Highmont South target subcrops below 2‒10 metres of till, whereas the J.A. target is concealed by sequences of pre-Quaternary to Holocene sediments up to 347 metres in thickness. Detailed surficial mapping at both targets followed by upper B horizon soil sampling, physicochemical measurements, profile sampling, biogeochemical sampling, and installation of soil hydrocarbon collectors was undertaken to characterise the mineralogical and chemical changes that develop in the surficial environment after glacial dispersal and soil development. Anomalous Cu, Mo, Ag, Bi, Sb, As, and W in upper B horizon soils overlying mineralisation at Highmont South is attributed to local glacial transport of weathered porphyry material. Anomalous Cu, Ag, Sb, and W in upper B horizon soils above the West Highmont fault, which crosscuts mineralisation, is attributed to metal-bearing groundwater migrating along the fault. Vegetation uptake and cycling is responsible for elevated concentrations of Mo in lodgepole pine needles sampled from trees growing above and proximal to mineralisation, as well as contributing to elevated soil Mo concentrations in the corresponding area. A response of long-chain normal alkane hydrocarbons is identified in the soil overlying mineralisation and the West Highmont fault. There is no evidence for a surficial geochemical response to deeply buried mineralised bedrock at J.A. Surficial geochemistry is controlled by differences in several surficial material types, both glacial and post-glacial, as well as hydromorphic processes and potential anthropogenic influences. A potential surficial signal generated by vertical ion migration from underlying bedrock could be confounded by a number of factors including: the thickness of cover, low porosity and permeability of the pre-Quaternary sequences, the high variability of surficial material types, and/or anthropogenic influences.Science, Faculty ofEarth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department ofGraduat

TYRA-3, A TYRAMINE-ACTIVATED G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR, MODULATES LOCOMOTION THROUGH INHIBITION OF DOPAMINERGIC SIGNALING IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS

TYRA-3 is a tyramine-activated G-protein coupled receptor in C. elegans. TYRA-3 is expressed in dopaminergic ADE and CEP neurons, suggesting it may play a role in modulating dopaminergic signaling. Upon exogenous tyramine exposure, deletion mutants of tyra-3 are more susceptible to paralysis than wild type animals. dat-1 deletion mutants, which contain abnormally high concentrations of synaptic dopamine, were also sensitive to paralysis with tyramine exposure. cat-2 deletion mutants, which contain no dopamine, were partially resistant to tyramine exposure. Double mutants of cat-2;tyra-3 and dat-1;tyra-3 showed moderate sensitivity. These results suggest that TYRA-3 inhibits dopamine release, but additional experiments are necessary to explain the phenotypes of the double mutants

Cataloging 19th Century Periodical Images

This project created a database of images in nineteenth-century Scientific American issues, including relevant information as well as categorizing by subject matter. Sponsored by the American Antiquarian Society, the project developed an online electronic database using MySQL. In addition, the entries created by the previous team were edited, and volumes 10-12 were added to the database.